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Philosophy Pythagoras

Pythagorean philosophy influenced by the Orpheus that contain mysticism factors. Greek philosophy start mathematics tradition since Pythagoras. Pythagorean using mathematical to investigate music law, resulting from this "harmony" concept have a significant impact after the ancient Greek philosophers. Pythagoras is still traditionally known as the Pythagorean theorem (also known as the Pythagorean theorem) first discoverer.

In cosmology, Pythagoras combining Miletus school of thought and his own number theory. He believes that there are many but a finite number of the world, and insisted that the earth is round, but he abandoned the geocentric theory by Miletus School of thought.

Pythagoras also produced the later theory of idealism philosophy and common theory in study of mathematics, and then come out the different between the theory of " have something alien to us" and "the perception of things", something alien to us is perfect, eternal, and the perception of things is defective. This idea was flourish by Plato, and dominated the philosophical and theological thinking.

Greece vs Rome

Geography - Both Greece and Rome are Mediterranean countries, but the terrain of the two is very different. The ancient Greek city-states were separated from each other by hilly countryside and all were near the water. Rome was inland, on one side of the Tiber River, but the Italic tribes (in the boot-shaped peninsula that is now Italy) did not have the natural hilly borders to keep them out of Rome. In Italy, around Naples, Mt. Vesuvius produced fertile land by blanketing the soil with tephra which aged into rich soil. There were also two nearby mountain ranges to the north (Alps) and east (Apennine).

Art  - Greek art is considered superior to (imitative) Roman art. The goal of the classical Greek sculptors was to produce an ideal artistic form, where the goal of Roman artists was to produce realistic portraits for decoration. This is obvious oversimplification, especially when considering the division of Greek art into the Mycenaean, geometric, archaic, and Hellenistic periods, in addition to the Classical, but the art we associate with Greece is the Venus de Milo, and the Roman art is the mosaic or wall painting known as fresco. 

Economy  - The economy of both Greece and Rome was based on agriculture. Greeks ideally lived on small self-sufficient wheat-producing farms, but bad agricultural practices made many households incapable of feeding themselves. Big estates took over, producing wine and olive oil, which were also the chief exports of the Romans. The Romans, who imported their wheat and annexed provinces that could provide them with this all-important staple, also farmed, but they also engaged in trade. It is thought that the Greeks considered such occupations degrading. In the cities, manufacturing went on. Both Greece and Rome worked mines. While Greece also had slaves, the economy of Rome was dependent on slave labor from the expansion until the late Empire. Both cultures had coinage. Rome debased its currency to fund the Empire.

Social Classes - The social classes of Greece and Rome changed over time, but the basic divisions of early Athens and Rome consisted of:

Greece ·  slaves ·  freedmen ·  metics ·  citizens ·  women; .

Rome ·  slaves ·  freedmen ·  plebeians ·  patricians

Governments - Originally kings ruled Athens; then an oligarchy, and then democracy (voting by the citizens). Kings originally governed Rome. Then Rome enjoyed a mixed Republican form of government, followed by emperors.

Byzantium - An ancient Greek city, founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 657 BC and named after their king Byzas . The name Byzantium is a Latinization of the original name Byzantion. The city was later renamed Nova Roma by Constantine the Great, but popularly called Constantinople and briefly became the imperial residence of the classical Roman Empire. Then subsequently the city was, for more than a thousand years, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Constantinople was captured by the Ottoman Turks, becoming the capital of their empire, in 1453. The name of the city was officially changed to Istanbul in 1930 following the establishment of modern Turkey.

Week4

1. What is your bliss?

Our group bliss is we passionate about arts, as a graphic design students we need to have interest in drawing and design. We feel happy when we produce a good  artwork. It's doesn't matter about the time or the effort we use. We love arts. That's our bliss


2. What is your monomyth?

Our monomyth is the journey we go through 3 years of degree and continue on with work-life or maybe further studies. We gather at this university to achieve our goal to become a professional graphic designer. In this journey, it help us gain experience, meet different people, and shape our personality.


3. What is beautiful? What is ugly?  Why?

 Beautiful  comes from feel because it make you feel comfortable, you feel amazed by it, you feel love, a feeling that touch your heart, you feel like, feel the absence of ugly, feel happiness as well as good feeling and good emotion.

Ugly also from feeling itself too. But what are those feeling? we feel something is ugly when we feel disgusting, dislike, when there is not beauty in certain things and somethings is ugly when you feel extremely uncomfortable with it as it appearance annoys you. The reason somethings is ugly because of wrong colors, shapes and having bad design or maybe the proposition is wrong and not balance.




4. What is the relationship between your concept of beautiful and ugly in Monomyth?

Beautiful in the monomyth is the process which make us happy. For instant, an individual achieve their goal in the journey and graduate to become a Graphic Designer. Or an individual created a nice art piece and she/he like it so much.


Ugly in our monomyth is when people did not do their work properly which lead to failure in exam or coursework. Their did not put any effort to achieve the goal.

Week 3 homework

Follow Your Bliss

According to JOSEPH CAMPBELL : My general formula for my students is "Follow your bliss." Find where it is, and don't be afraid to follow it.  

From the article that we found, Joseph Campbell refers that he begin to grown superstition as a result of invisible hands coming all the time which namely, that if you do follow your bliss you put yourself on a kind of track that has been there all the while, waiting for you, and the life that you ought to be living is the one you are living. Wherever you are, if you are following your bliss, you are enjoying that refreshment, that life within you, all the time.

When you can see that, you begin to meet people who are in your field of bliss, and they open doors to you. He called this burning need that they sought to fulfill their bliss. As he mention following your bliss is important yet isn't merely a matter of doing whatever you like, and certainly not doing simply as you are told. It is a matter of identifying that pursuit which you are truly passionate about and attempting to give yourself absolutely to it. In so doing, you will find your fullest potential and serve your community to the greatest possible extent.

By understanding these statement, Follow your bliss means human should do what they really and truly passionate about and a kind of feeling that attempt you to do it but it is not doing whatever you like or what other people told you as you don't have a goal. For example, a person who enjoys taking photo should start taking photography classes to build up his/her skills as this is what they have passion in. Since the meaning of bliss is happiness : ecstasy, one's should follow what they passion to do as to obtain their happiness.

The Heroic Monomyth

The heroic monomyth (also known as the Hero's Journey) describes the common stages of a hero's journey found in many stories. Joseph Campbell first described the monomyth in 1949 in his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Although the nature of the monomyth may not be appealing to everyone, it is very interesting to those who actually take the time to learn about it and how it applies to stories and movies in today's modern world. Take for example, popular movies, stories, and comics such as the Matrix, Star Wars, the Ender's Game, and the Lord of the Rings. The protagonists in these movies go through the same stages:

Departure : 

Call to Adventure :  The hero's journey begins when the hero becomes aware of the world outside his home or town where he/she has lived for his entire life. His journey is usually given to him by a herald who helps the hero by acting as a guide.

Refusal of the Call :  The hero may actually refuse the initial call to adventure, usually from their fear of change. The hero will eventually go on his journey, either from "encouragement" by a supernatural force or by an event that almost forces the hero to move beyond his home. 

Supernatural Aid :  As the hero travels on his journey, he may meet with an old man, a god/goddess or a messenger who gives the hero a weapon or some magical powers. 

Crossing the First Threshold :  This "threshold" the hero must cross is what separates the hero from the comforts of his home to the adventurous new world filled with mystery and danger. Sometimes the threshold is guarded by a gatekeeper whom the hero must defeat.


Belly of the Whale : As the hero crosses the threshold, he finds himself alone in the darkness of new world. In the darkness, the hero may find his purpose to go on the journey and can emerge from the "belly of the whale" as a new person.

Initiation :
Road of Trials :  In the new world, the hero must confront a series of challenges and tests to help the hero improve his character and skills to become more self-reliant. 



Meeting with the Goddess :  During the Road of Trials, the hero may encounter the goddess of the new world, who could be viewed as a beautiful, motherly figure or as a queen. The goddess can bring complete fullness to the hero's character, helping him realize what awards await him when he finishes his quest. 



Woman as the Temptress/Temptation from the True Path :  Women in a hero's journey can sometimes be represented as a temptress, rather than a goddess, and also acts as another step in the Road of Trials. The hero must overcome his selfish desires to return to the rightful path and also build his character. 

Atonement with the Father :   Eventually in his journey, the hero may encounter a fatherly figure with much authority. The father figure (like the goddess) can be portrayed as a man who feels threatened by the hero or as a man who helps the hero in his journey. Either way, the hero must reconcile with the father to understand him and himself.


Apotheosis :  A hero's apotheosis is achieved when he comes to a realization about the purpose of life and himself. With an expanded consciousness, he views the world in an entirely different way than when he first started his journey. Usually, the hero at this point becomes a selfless person who always cares for others before himself.


The Ultimate Boon :  With the new knowledge the hero acquired in his apotheosis, he now wishes to share it with the rest of mankind. Usually, the knowledge the hero obtains is related to immortality, where an indestructible live continues after the death of the body.

Return :
Refusal of the Return :  Once the hero finishes his quest, he may not want to return to his home and stay in the new world. The hero may believe that the old world won't accept or understand what the hero has learned on his journey. 



The Magic Flight :  The hero may rather decide to return home after finishing his quest. He may be accompanied by a protector who helps him overcome the obstacles the hero might face as he returns home. With the prize in hand, the hero must flee from those he angered on his journey. 



Rescue from Without :  While on the return journey, the hero may need to be rescued from death or from a state of helplessness and bliss. 

Crossing of the Return Threshold :  As the hero travels to return home on his journey, he must once again cross the threshold separating his home and the new world. He may have to defeat another gatekeeper, and in the process become "reborn" with his humanity after his "death" from crossing the threshold the first time. 

Master of Two Worlds :  Once the hero crosses the threshold, he comes to realize that there really is nothing separating his home from the new world. He now understands the differences and the balance between the comfortable safety of his home and the new world. With this understanding, he has also balanced his character and mind. 

Freedom to Live :   Now with the journey complete, the hero has reached an understanding with himself and can now live freely between his home and the new world. With his newfound knowledge, he can now be beneficial to the world.

Carl Jung's Theory of archetypes

Archetype = An innate tendency which molds and transform the individual consciousness. A fact defined more through a drive than through specific inherited contents, images, etc; a matrix which influences the human behavior as well as his ideas and concepts on the ethical, moral, religious and cultural levels.  

Jung also talks about that the archetype  which also called "primordial image" as of biologists' patterns of behavior (inborn behavior patterns). In short, archetypes are inborn tendencies which shape the human behavior.


Who is the Hero?
As a central figures in stories, everyone is the hero of his or her own myth.





The hero journey :
What is it?
The Hero’s Journey is a pattern of narrative identified by Joseph Campbell that appears in drama, storytelling, mythology, religious ritual, and psychological development. It describes the typical adventure of the archetype known as The Hero, the person who goes out and achieves great deeds on behalf of the group, tribe, or civilization. It include the adventures,victory and return of the heroes.
3 Examples


Clash of Titans.
A greek Myth, Preseus leaves his adopted home of Joppa to prove himself worthy and to find out how to save the woman he loves and Joppa from the Kraken, a sea monster. His mentor Ammon gives him guidance. He faces many obstacles, some put in his way by the gods, and is helped by natural and supernatural beings who recognize his goodness, greatness, and potential power. He returns stronger and triumphant to face one last challenge before gaining true mastery and well-being for his loved one and the city.




LORD OF THE RING
The fellowship of the ring
Frodo Beggins and the hobbit adventures, Bilbo Baggins. Bilbo leaves a special ring to Frodo, which is the only ring of the Dark Lord Sauron. Gandalf leads Frodo and a group of warriors to destroy the ring.Frodo and his journey to Mount Doom and aragron as the battles force of evil.Frodo is successful in destroying the ring while 
Aragorn finishes his own journey as King of Gondor.




Lilo and Stitch


Ordinary World-Lilo's born in Hawaii while Stitch is a experiment 626.
The call to adventure- happened when Lilo is sent away.The problem is Lilo will be taken away if Nani, Lilo sister can't took care of her.
The Meeting- Lilo adopted Stitch.
Crossing of First Threshold- Stitch crash to earth.
Test.-Stitch learning to be a Model of citizen.
Approach - Stitch causes many problem around the town and cause Cobra take Lilo away.
Ordeal- Stitch learn that he has no family and felt alone.Lilo run away from Cobra. Lilo realize Stitch is an alien and asked him to go away. Both of them are captured.
Reward- Stitch rescue Lilo because he wanted to be in the family.
Road back- when Stitch rescue Lilo from spaceship
Resurrection. Stitch and Lilo become family.
REturn with Elixir- everyone comes together and build a new house and became friends

What does it mean daily life?

Hunter-gatherers hunt game and collect plant foods (called foraging) rather than grow or tend crops. Hunter gatherers is the term used by anthropologists to describe a specific kind of lifestyle, that of all human beings until the invention of agriculture about 8000 years ago. Agricultural daily life is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life.

And how does they show up in the representational technologies employed by the two group?

Hunter-gathering representational technologies is from primitive stone implements to fairly sophisticated and specialized tools, prehistoric humans developed technologies that allowed them to increase their control over the natural world. The Mesolithic Age followed the Paleolithic, and technology developed very quickly. People made nets and fish-hooks, sickles and baskets. Agricultural representational technologies is plows, threshers, and irrigation systems.in long history plow were originally pulled by animals. Now, plows are usually powered by engines.


And What would be the different we might expect in the shelters where people live？

Hunter-gathering people depended on natural environment for shelter, they lived in caves and shelters made of rocks, branches, animal skins. Agricultural people closer to each other, creating cities, and civilization.

What other aspects of culture would we expect?
The differences of the hierarchy. Hunter-gatherer societies also tend to have relatively non-hierarchical, egalitarian social structures. This might have been more pronounced in the more mobile societies. Meanwhile, Agricultural hierarchical systems are families of subsystems arranged in a hierarchical manner. 

And how would it be represented in their beliefs?
As for hunter-gather society, beliefs in spirits and ghosts while agricultural beliefs that agricultural spiritualism or the Spirit of Agriculture refers to the idea that the concepts of food production and consumption and the essential spiritual nature of humanity are linked. It assumes that spirituality is inherent to human consciousness, is perhaps a product of it, and is accessible to all who cultivate it.

Hunter-Gather Society	Agricultural Society
Moving to different places	Settle in one location
Live in forest region to hunt foods	Stay around a reliable source of food, river etc.
Engaged in artistic activities like cave painting, singing, and dancing.	Planting and tend crops
Language was developed	Class system- Leaders and Followers
Creating specialized tools like fishing nets, hooks, bone harpoons	Developed permanent structures, water distribution systems, governments, and  armies
Believed in spirits and ghosts	Domesticated animals-milk, egg (source of food)
Division of labor Men-Hunting Women-Gathering	Animal wastes as fertilizer